For the Toltecs energy is called teotl and is seen as divine.  It’s been translated as God, though it’s more akin to ‘kami’ in Japanese…   It’s just one of the common points between Shinto and the shamanism of the native Mexican people.  “It is worth noting,” writes Victor Sanchez in Toltecas del Nuevo Milenio, “that to both the Totecs of ancient times and to the surviving peoples of today, religion was not a set of predetermined patterns of behavior, dogmas or the projection of self-importance, but a series of practices that were aimed to keep man in touch with Spirit.’  Maintaining harmony is key.

Himiko as played by Sayuri Yoshinaga in 'Maboroshi no Yamataikoku'

The main Toltec practice is shamanic journeying, in which the shaman enters into a trance through the help of the drum and natural substances.  In proto-Shinto too there were female shamans who travelled into the spirit world to make contact with transcendental powers.  The most famous of the early shamans was Queen Himiko (c.175-248).  Another was that of Usa Hachiman, where a female oracle worked with a male medium of communication.

The female shamans were driven out of the mainstream as male ritualists came to dominance following the appropriation of kami worship by a centralising state after the time of Emperor Tenmu (c.631-686).  Instead of travelling into the spirit world, the ritualists invited the spirits down, made offerings and conducted ceremonies to placate them.  Kami oroshi (descent of the kami) and kami okuri (sending off the kami) still form an important of rituals.  Instead of a vehicle for shamanic flight, the drum became a symbolic marker of the beginning and end of ceremonies.

Purification and healing are important aspects of shamanic cultures, and for the Toltecs this is done with a branch to which feathers are attached.  It is used in healing ceremonies to cleanse a person’s aura.  In Shinto a sakaki branch with white strips of paper attached is used in similar manner as a means of purification.

As with other primal religions, human beings are presumed to have an innate sense of virtue.  ‘We only need to look at the inner universe that every human being has within them, and there is a master, a true guide, and the true knowledge that comes from contact with the infinite,’ says the Toltec shaman, Wirikuta Maza Mau.  Shinto treasures sincerity and purity for similar reasons.  “The important thing is to live in the moment, being one with all that is,’ stresses Wirikuta.  In Shinto this equates to the concept of nakaima (literally, the middle of now i.e. the present moment).

Japan and Mexico are not usually thought of a sharing much in common, but here in the ancient practices can be found two ends of the same circle.

Toltec shaman dancer, with macaw feathers

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Information and quotations are taken from Sacred Hoop magazine, Issue 73, and Shamanism, An Encyclopedia of World Beliefs, Practices, and Culture by Mariko Namba Walter et al.

Shinto as we know it today is an imperial construct pieced together after 1868 by a ruling clique of Restorationists who promoted a state ideology based around the divinity of the emperor.  As such it was conceived as a counterpart to Christianity in the West.  Moreover, it differentiated the new regime from the Buddhism and Confucianism that for over 250 years helped prop up the Tokugawa dynasty.

Siberian shaman drumming up the spirits

Traditionalists claim the roots of Shinto lie in Japan’s ancient past. But in A New History of Shinto, Breen and Teeuwen demonstrate that rather than being indigenous, it is by and large an imported and invented religion. This accords with the so-called ‘onion theory’ popular in Shinto studies, whereby if you strip away all the foreign accretions there is nothing left at the core.

My own understanding is a little bit different and based on Gunther Nitschke’s statement in From Ando to Shinto that the rituals and accoutrements constitute a ‘fossilised shamanism’. You find evidence of this throughout Shinto, from early miko mediums to the use of the drum, animal familiars, mythological ‘three worlds’ and symbolic reference to the axis mondi.  As such I believe Shinto to belong to a group of East Asian religions which derive from Siberian shamanism.

According to theorists, it was in Siberia that shamanism was born (the word itself derives from the Tungusic language). Others see it mankind’s basic mindset and that in Paleolithic times it was well-nigh universal.  Later the ethical religions of the Axial Age incorporated or suppressed shamanism, making Shinto unusual in managing to continue into the modern age with forms that are primal in essence.

It was this aspect that got Joseph Campbell excited. ‘Culturally the blend from these [Ainu beliefs] to the more primitive aspects of Japanese Shinto is very smooth,’ he claimed in The Masks of God.  ‘The source land of both peoples was Northeast and North-Central Asia – a zone from which numerous entries into North America were also launched.  And since continuous contributions from the same North Asiatic circumpolar shphere likewise flowed into Northern Europe, astonishing affinities turn up throughout the native lore of Japan, touching fields of myth as widely separated as Ireland, Kamchatka, and the Canadian Northeast.’

Korean shaman ceremony

Given that the native peoples of South and North America moved out of the Central Asian heartland (they share the Mongol birthmark), one can suppose that they took their religion with them.  And sure enough one finds similarities with Shinto, above all in the primary purpose of the practices – maintaining harmony.  Angry spirits, pestilence, and natural disasters etc. are seen as disrupting harmony, and rituals are employed to restore the natural balance between mankind and the spirit world.

With the passage of time differences in practice invariably arose in the various locales, and superficially the customs no longer resemble each other.  Geography, culture, and individual initiatives all helped to shape native religions in different ways. But I think one can see the same concerns at their core, and in the coming weeks I’d like to explore the commonalities in a series of cultural comparisons, beginning first of all with the Toltecs of Mexico.

Great Bear Spirit, common to both Buryat and Ainu cultures