Page 29 of 203

Farming with Kami (Writes)

The following piece submitted by Green Shinto reader, Sally Writes, concerns an ecological view of how Shinto principles might be applied to modern farming.

*****************

Farming with Kami, Shinto’s Spiritual Beings

Pre-Shinto rites were once centered around rice growing festivals and a reverence for life. As the religion evolved, the importance of agriculture remained and Shinto rites still play a significant role in the annual round. Since planting and harvesting are the core values and building blocks of life, they can also promote a harmonious community if done correctly. If farmers learn to have more respect as taught by Shinto, they will ultimately be in harmony with their land, crops, and life.

The Kami of the Land

The very concept of sustainable ways to farm fits Shinto philosophy. In Shinto, the Earth is occupied by various kami or spiritual beings. Kami can take the form of phenomena in the environment, such as mountains, trees, or rivers. Therefore, doing harm to any of these would ultimately do harm to the kami that inhabit or represent them. This leads farmers to respect their land and provide sustainable techniques to minimize the damage they do to the land and prevent the disruption of the kami’s peace.

The Purity of Water

In Shinto, clean moving water has an important role in purity and purification. Clean water was used to cleanse the god Izanagi when he went to free his wife Izanami from the underworld. In agriculture, clean water has an important place as well. In aquaculture and hydroponic techniques, it is vital to have a clean source of water.

Aquaculture provides a circle of life that is impactful and fulfilling in both agricultural means as well as the Shinto religion. The water provides elements needed for plants to grow. It also provides a home for the aquatic creatures that inhabit it. These creatures then provide natural ingredients, fertilizer, and nutrients to help plants grow. In return, the plants filter the water to provide aquaculture farms with a clean habitat. It forms aquaponics as a source of pure clean water that constantly moves between two resources, much like the Shinto element of purity and purification.

The Use of Natural Pesticides

Shinto places a strong focus on creating harmony. This itself can be considered a cyclic concept, which can be sustained perpetually. Ideally, farmers would like for environments to be in harmony so that all the plants and animals live together without one population overwhelming the other. One way to do this is to provide pest management.

A sustainable and Shinto-approved way of providing pest management is through the introduction of natural predators rather than pesticides. The chemicals can be poisonous and are an outside source that has to be reapplied and brought in from environmentally harmful locations. Instead, introducing ladybugs and other natural predators of pests can create an environment which is self-sustaining, without constantly relying on artificial resources.

While Shinto may not have formal teachings to follow, it makes a lot of sense in what it tries to teach followers about the environment. Whether it’s to tell us the importance of water or to respect all of nature by living in harmony, we can see that the Earth is a special place for everyone and that we should not ruin it with unsustainable practices.

Wet rice cultivation continues to be a defining characteristic of Japan in the present day

Amami Oshima (Part two)

Before heading for the interview with Sakai-gami, respected yuta of northern Oshima, I went in search of the mythical origins of the island culture. According to brochures, there’s a hill with a monument celebrating the myth of Amanchi and the first arrival of ancestors to the island. It’s a common story amongst ancient cultures living close to the seaboard, and in Okinawa the awe-inspiring Seifa Utaki marks the site of a similar myth of arrival from a paradise across the seas.

Finding the way to the monument was not easy, and local villagers appeared to know nothing about it. Eventually we found someone who did know, and rather oddly the way led up a curving road with signs saying it was for the exclusive use of the Self-Defense Force. However, round one of the corners was a small wooden sign pointing into the undergrowth where a narrow trail led towards the monument. The myth tells of a male and female god descending onto this Oshima Hill – somewhat similar to Izanagi and Izanami descending onto Awaji Island.

View from out to sea, from where the mythic original ancestors  came

The Amanchi myth monument marking where the original kami settlers descended

 

Before heaading to Sani village where Sakai-gami lives, we dropped in at a store you can buy a handy set of salt and shochu (360 mm bottle), which make up the obligatory offering, together with a monetary ‘donation’ depending on one’s feelings. When I pressed my informant as to the going rate, I got an answer of around ¥3500 for locals and ¥5000 for outsiders.

The village of Sani where Sakai-gami lives has a forbidding atmosphere, with low-lying dilapidated houses, narrow lanes and high walls, seemingly barricaded against the outside world. As it stands on the coast, it needs to safeguard itself from the elements and the force of typhoons. But the settlement has clearly passed its sell-by date, rusty, overgrown and aging like its population.

We stopped to ask where the village shrine was, but the villager we asked claimed he’d never heard of one. Eventually we found it at the end of a lane leading past the white elephant of a brand new primary school which no doubt involved tax-payers money being diverted into someone’s pockets. By contrast the Itsukushima Shrine was old and neglected, the wash basin bereft of water and the Haiden strewn with abandoned objects.

We were easily able to locate Sakai-gami’s house, however, for not only did everyone know where it was, it was also the only house with an extra third storey, a sign of prosperity. Nonetheless access to the inside was far from clear, and the waiting room a picture of colourful confusion. Origami, vases, ornaments, lucky charms, family pictures, a hanging scroll of carp climbing a waterfall, names of grandsons in calligraphy, a picture of the emperor and empress, magazines, cuttings – this was a waiting room to capture your attention!

Squeezed amongst the paraphernalia was a bare kamidana, with two sakaki branches, offerings of incense and water. No ofuda, or altar. It was very dusty, I noticed, and with little regard for the cleanliness that characterises mainland Shinto. It reminded me of the cavalier attitude to sacred sites  in Okinawa, which are strewn with litter and leftovers from picnics.

Entrance to Sakai-gami’s house – but which sliding door to open?

The unsigned way round to the waiting room entrance

 

 

The colourful waiting room, which  doubles as the family living room. Through the thin sliding door you can clearly hear the previous person’s consultation.

The kamidana is plain, with no expense on ofuda or altar pieces for the invisible kami

Much of the room was a feast for the eyes, but whatever would Marie Kondo think?

It turned out that Sakai-gami had double booked me with a mother and daughter who had come all the way from Naze City some 45 minutes away. We got chatting and the mother told me she usually consulted a yuta closer to her house, but she was indisposed. Sakai-gami had a reputation, so she had come here for a physical problem with her digestion, while her daughter had a personal problem.

There was a magazine on the table with an article featuring Sakai-gami which gave some background information. She was the seventh of her family line to follow the kami path (shamanism is often hereditary). She’d married young and after the early death of her husband, the kami had entered into her at the age of 31 (a pathway similar to the sickness and involuntary possession typical of Siberian shamans).

The tokonoma was a riot of colour and ornaments

During the consultation with mother and daughter, which lasted some 40 minutes, Sakai-gami took a telephone call which I could clearly hear. It was from the head of a small family business, who rang to say one of the employees had handed in his resignation. The caller wanted to know if he should let the employee go or not. ‘Why not,’ said Sakai-gami, ‘You can always find a new employee. Perhaps a better one.’

When it came my turn to enter the consultation room, I found a lively little woman, full of confidence, who after taking my date of birth and establishing I was born in the year of the Ox launched into a lengthy ramble about my character that didn’t stop for some twenty or thirty minutes.In fact her apparent ability to talk nonstop throughout the day was the most impressive quality.

It was all very hit and miss, with generalities about preferring job satisfaction to making money and a liking for travel and adventure (your average home-lover is hardly likely to end up on the northern peninsula of Amami Oshima!). There were  suppositions that were wide of the mark, and at no point did she even suggest that she might be talking with divine inspiration.The only difference from a typical fortune-teller was that she took my bottle of shochu and poured half of it into a glass to be set with the incense and candles before her makeshift altar.

After about half an hour, she asked me if I had any worries, so I told her I was wondering about whether to grow old in England or in Japan. ‘In Japan of course,’ she declared without hesitation. ‘It’s easy to live here, the people are kind, there’s no danger like in foreign countries where people have big egos and shoot guns.’  There was something about the patriotic sentiment in this tiny corner of a remote island that made me smile.

The day before, she told me, a Brazilian and a Russian had come to consult her, and on busy days she has up to 20 people. Despite my disappointment at the lack of any semblance of shamanic inspiration, she must have some special quality to have built up such a reputation. She has clients every single day of the week, and the only break for a holiday, she told me, is at Oshogatsu. I couldn’t help thinking of that third floor that marked out her building.

In Korea shamans do everyday business as fortune-tellers, and I suspect Sakai-gami’s business is similar. Her popularity suggests a lingering attachment to the old pre-Satsuma style of religion, and next time I go to Amami (as I surely will) I will try consulting with a different yuta by way of comparison and to attend one of the six major ceremonies that are apparently still carried out by the noro priestesses.

Sakai-gami in her consultation room. She sits on a small stool, with clients on the floor beside her. Incense, candles, dried rice, fruit, shochu and a round mirror decorate her altar, dedicated to Amaterasu Okami.

 

Amami Oshima (Part 1)

The Amami islands lie between Kyushu and Okinawa. Though technically they belong to Kagoshima Prefecture, they have more of the feel of Okinawa. There are five inhabited islands in the  archipelago, of which Amami Oshima is the biggest. Total population is around 70,000.

Offerings to a tree spirit. Simple, direct, genuine.

Together with Tokunoshima and Iriemoto in Okinawa, the islands are working towards World Heritage status for their subtropical evergreen broad-leaf forests, boasting endemic and endangered species. These came about because the islands were separated from Japan and the Asian mainland some two million years ago, and were warmed by the Kuroshio current coming from the south and bringing monsoon winds and relatively high amounts of rain. These special conditions led to unique life forms, giving rise to the expression ‘the Galapagos of the East’.

In previous postings Green Shinto has taken an interest in Okinawan religion because of the feeling that there is something older, more direct and more essential about the spirituality. There’s a sense of practices stretching back to ancient times, when creation myths tell of founding forefathers arriving from the south. As in the rest of Japan, ancestor worship is merged with animism, but unlike modern Shinto, female shamanism has managed to survive here, bucking the trend of a male priesthood and Meiji-style uniformity.

History

30,000 BC – Evidence of human habitation
1440-1609 – Ryukyu rule (under the sway of Okinawan kings). Hereditary noro priestesses.
1609-1871 – Satsuma rule; introduction of Zen by samurai ruling class in Kagoshima
after Meiji – incorporation into mainstream Japan

From 1440 Amami came under the sway of the Ryukyu Kingdom, and its religion took on the Okinawan style. This involved noro (female ceremonial priests), who were appointed by the state and were chosen from among the female dependents of administrative officials. In other words, they were the wives or daughters of representatives of the state, and the office was passed on to their descendants. The noro still exist, though shorn of any official status, and carry out six great ceremonies a year.

There’s a touch of Siberian shamanism about some of the matsuri in the islands.

Along with the noro were shamanic females known as yuta. These women had a more personal role, offering psychic services such as divination and counselling. The idea was that being possessed, they spoke with the voice of the spirits. In other words, the yuta became the medium through which the will of the kami was transmitted, and masks worn in ceremonies signified the transformation. Interestingly, the yuta are addressed as kami, and the person to whom I was introduced was called Sakai-gami (please see Part Two).

Near the airport is the informative Amami Park, with hands on exhibitions about the islands (as well as a memorial museum for the astonishing artwork of Tanaka Isson). Watching the video of the various matsuri, I couldn’t help but be struck by the similarities to Siberian shamanism. Insistent drumming; grotesque masks; frenetic circling by participants. Mindful of the physiognomy, one can’t help feeling that it was here that northern style shamanism must have merged with currents from the south.

Shrines and temples
Drive around the island and you will be struck by the sorry state of the shrines on the one hand, and the relative absence of Buddhist temples on the other. The latter has a simple explanation. Following the Meiji Restoration, Shinto was declared the official religion and an anti-Buddhist campaign launched, known as haibutsu kishaku (abolish Buddhism and destroy the Buddha). Wikipedia states that between 1872 and 1874 eighteen thousand temples were eradicated, and maybe as many again from 1868 to 1872.

A noro has red points applied to her cheeks, a means perhaps of keeping evil spirits at bay

From what I could learn, Shinto is not much practised, and the only shrine with priests is Takachiho Jinja in Naze City. This helps explain why other shrines are so neglected, and I had the feeling that having been introduced in Satsuma times, the religion had not taken root. Locals I talked to said that though each area or community had a shrine, they were only used once a year for the annual festival. This was held under the auspices of the village elder.

As in Okinawa, one had the feeling that ancestor worship remained the rockbed on which the island spirituality was based. Villagers apparently visit family graves every month on the 15th. Though modern cemeteries contain standard Buddhist graves, in the past the practice was to leave bodies to rot in places already strewn with family bones. You can hardly get closer to your ancestors than that.

Asked about religious practice these days, I was told that new religions such as Soka Gakkai and Tenri-kyo had made inroads as had Catholicism. Underlying them though were the old ways, and there were  places on the island known since ancient times as sacred. There were spiritual ‘wise women’ too. And so it was that I gained the telephone number of Sakai-gami, a yuta with a high reputation in the north of the island. Part Two tells of our encounter.

*************

For a report on Miyako Island, see here. For the first of five pieces about Okinawa, see here.

Amami folksingers, grandmother and granddaughter, who proved useful informants about the island religions

A puzzling monument, described in a pamphlet as marking the merger of the island myth with Tenson Korin (Shinto myth). No explanation as to why or when. The sign itself simply says, “Ayamaru Misaki, one of ten Amami beauty spots’.

The sorry looking entrance to the Haiden of Itsukushima Shrine, typical of the state of shrines generally.

Amami Oshima’s main shrine – Takachiho Jinja. The office was closed and there was no priest to be seen.

Offerings to an invisible life force.

Masks worn in one of the island matsuri. Spirit possession?

A guest house with a sense of humour. Ama terrace – Amaterasu.

The sacred hill of Ogamiyama, from which yuta draw water for purification. Was it the shape that made the hill special, or was it the view over the sea from which forefathers came?

A local villager explains about the sacred water emanating from Ogamiyama, used still today for purification by yuta before their rituals.

Miko experience

Be a Shrine Maiden for a Day

Takahama Shrine in north Osaka offers a rare Shinto cosplay experience.
(Kansai Scene, March 6, 2019)

At the Daikoku subshrine a miko waves a mallet over worshippers (the lucky mallet is a symbol of Daikoku). Photo by J. Dougill

It’s not uncommon to see both locals and travelers to Kansai clad in kimono or yukata while visiting a Kyoto temple on a sunny spring day. But have you ever wondered what it would be like to wear the traditional dress of a miko or shrine maiden? For ladies looking for an under-the-radar Japanese experience, Suita City’s Takahama Shrine in the north of Osaka has just the thing.

Japanese Shinto shrine maidens play an important role in daily shrine life, performing rituals like sacred cleansing, ceremonial dances, and offering omikuji fortune telling to visitors. Usually, to become a miko at Takahama Shrine, you have to train for about a year, but for this miko experience, you can be transformed in an afternoon by Hanayagi Yukiaya—the wife of the shrine’s head priest.

First, she does your hair, placing a purple, white, and vermillion noshi hairpiece at the back of the upstyle. Then she wraps you in a white hakue (kimono-style jacket) and ties a layered vermillion skirt called a hibakama around your waist. Vermillion represents the color of the sun, which is highly worshipped in the Shinto religion.

Making a tamagushi offering (Photo by J. Dougill)

Once dressed, you are guided out to the shrine grounds by gon guji, or secondary priest, Tomoko Okamoto, whose job it is to tutor you in some shrine etiquette and rituals. After several rounds of bell ringing, bowing, clapping, and praying, she brings you inside to teach you about tamagushi—offerings for the gods. This is where you learn to fold shide—paper shaped like lightning that is tied to sakaki branches to pray for rain and good harvests. Then you pour omiki, or “gods’ sake” in a special ritual called sankon no gi often performed at weddings.

After this, more cosplay fun is yet to come with several additions to the costume. Before entering the main part of the shrine, you will don the seisou or official dress. This involves putting on a chihaya—a special white jacket with long sleeves—and a tenkan, a gold-colored crown with flowers on each side. Wearing this formal dress, you are then introduced to the head priest who will perform a prayer ritual with you and another maiden.

After your rituals are complete and you are bade farewell, don’t miss the opportunity to browse the plethora of one-of-a-kind stores on the shopping streets between Takahama Shrine and JR Suita Station. Treat yourself to a late lunch or early dinner at one of the local eateries serving yakitori (skewered chicken), karaage (fried chicken), and scores of other cheap and cheerful favorites.

Apply for the shrine maiden experience in Japanese on the Takahama Shrine website or in English at www.hi-friends.co.jp. If you don’t speak Japanese, an English interpreter will be arranged.

Image: Jason Haidar Model: Karolina Dudzic

Miko Shrine Maiden Experience

Cost: ¥8,000 for the full ceremonial costume, including a CD of photos and cleaning fee

Time: From 2pm daily

Duration: About 2 hours

Access: Takahama Shrine is a 7–10-minute walk from JR Suita Station

takahamajinjya.kir.jp

Ainu bear ceremony video (1931)

It’s not uncommon for Westerners to have a rosy-eyed view of shamanic and post-shamanic cultures (amongst which Shinto can be classified). The Ainu cult of the bear is an example, since in an animist-based culture one might presume the animal to be treated with respect and with a regard for its well-being.

Rare footage of an Ainu bear ceremony on youtube, however, shows quite a different story. In exchange for honoring the Bear Spirit, individual bears can be sacrificed and next year’s hunting assured. For Joseph Campbell, the rites involve atonement for the taking of life and a means of alleviating guilt.

The commentary below is taken from Sacred Hoop (The Quarterly Magazine for Shamanism, Sacred Wisdom and Earth Centred Spirituality). Click on the links to see the youtube video:

The Ainu Bear Ceremony of 1931
www.bit.ly/Ainu-Bear-Ceremony

Length: 30 mins approx

For both the Ainu – and the peoples of the Amur river area on the mainland – the bear is an important spirit ancestor, and the annual ceremonial year used to revolve around ceremonies of the bear cult, where a bear is ritually killed and its spirit honoured. This does not now happen with the Ainu, but it does sometimes occur with mainland cultures.

The film is an old and important record of this now extinct Ainu ceremony, filmed in black and white in 1929, with a narration in English. An interesting glimpse of a now lost tradition. The bear is shown being sacrificed, so some readers may find the film disturbing.

For the happy story of the bear pictured above, see https://www.greenshinto.com/2018/12/26/ainu-museum-bears-released/

Enthronement seminars (ISSA)

Announcement by the International Shinto Studies Association…

THINKING ABOUT THE JAPANESE ENTHRONEMENT CEREMONIES

In the course of the present calendar year of 2019 there will be several ceremonies relating to the enthronement of the new Emperor of Japan, Naruhito. Most important are the senso no gi (践祚の儀),the sokui no rei (即位の礼), and the daijōsai (大嘗祭). In view of the considerable significance of these events in Japan, the International Shinto Studies Association (ISSA) is arranging three reflective seminars on the subject which will be open to the public. The first of these (in Japanese) will be held in Tokyo on March 5th. Two further seminars in Tokyo and Kyoto will be held in English, as shown below. All will consist of brief lectures, responses, and discussion.

Tokyo, March 30th, 14.00 – 16.30.

Place: St. Andrew’s Cathedral Church, 3-6-18 Shiba Koen, Minato-ku.  (St. Andrew’s is just to the left of St. Alban’s Church, opposite Tokyo Tower.)

Speakers:

Prof. John Breen (International Research Center for Japanese Studies (Nichibunken)):  “Modern rites of enthronement: Meiji, Taisho and Showa”

Prof. Michael Pye (Marburg University (em.) / Otani University): “Perceptions of the Japanese enthronement ceremonies”

Dr. William Gater (Rikkyo University, ret.): “Comparing Enthronement in Britain and Japan.”

Panelist and discussion coordinator: Prof. Iwasawa Tomoko (Reitaku University) 

********************

Kyoto, April 6th, 13.30 – 15.30.

Place: Meeting Room of the Kyoto Diocese of the Anglican Church in Japan. Karasuma-dori Shimodachiuri-kado (just north of St. Agnes’ Cathedral Church).  (Entrance from the street is to the right of the Palace Side Hotel. The meeting room is on the ground floor.)

Speakers:

Prof. John Breen (International Research Center for Japanese Studies (Nichibunken)): “Modern rites of enthronement: Meiji, Taisho and Showa”

Prof. Michael Pye (Marburg University (em) / Otani University): “Perceptions of the Japanese enthronement ceremonies”

Discussant: Kato Taishi 加藤大志 (Hattori Tenjingu 服部天神宮,Osaka).

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

The cooperation and hospitality of the authorities of the Anglican Church in Japan (Nippon Seiko Kai日本聖公会) in the interest of dialogical exchange is most gratefully acknowledged.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

The speakers and topics at the Japanese ISSA seminar in Tokyo are as follows:

佐野真人 (皇學館大学助教)『大嘗祭における太上天皇の役割』

松本郁代 (横浜市立大学教授)『中世における即位儀礼と神仏』

マイケル・パイ(マールブルク大学名誉教授『現在の即位の礼と大嘗祭の宗教要素について』

岩沢知子(麗澤大学教授)Panel Coordinator

For further details of the seminar in Japanese (pre-registration) see http://www.shinto.org/wordjp/?p=905>.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

The formal name and address of the International Shinto Studies Association are as follows: 特定非営利活動法人 神道国際学会.〒158-0096 東京都世田谷区玉川台2-1-15ベスト用賀 2F.

President: Revd. Prof. Michael Pye.  Chairman of the Trustees: Revd. Miyake Yoshinobu 三宅善信.

Kagura (Takachiho)

The cave at Takachiho where kagura was first performed, featuring the ribald Ame no Uzume.

There’s a 25 minute video of kagura at Takachiho in Kyushu put out by NHK World, available for viewing over the coming year.
https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/special/episode/201902212330/

“KAGURA is a Shinto ritual to thank the gods for a bountiful harvest. Performances are held throughout the country from autumn, through to winter. Kagura is a celebration to enjoy the fruits of a hard year’s work by singing and dancing along with the gods. To discover the spirit of Kagura, two explorers visited Takachiho in Miyazaki Prefecture.”

***********

Takachiho is said to be the birthplace of kagura. Why? Because it has an atmospheric riverside cave where the deities of Kojiki (712) are said to have gathered when Amaterasu hid herself behind a rock door. To entertain them Ame no Uzume did a provocative dance, revealing her private parts. This symbolic reference to sexuality and fertility was an affirmation of the life force in opposition to the forces of darkness that had been unleashed by the withdrawal of the sun goddess. The merriment of the deities subsequently led to the restoration of sunlight when Amaterasu popped her head out to see what was going on.

One of the masks used in kagura performances in the Shimane area

From the NHK programme above, we learn several interesting things. One is that the kagura tradition of reenacting myth started some 800 years ago. The villages that support the tradition transform their houses into sacred space for the performances. Poles are set up before the house which act as yorishiro to summon down the spirits. Local produce is used for the food that will sustain performers and audience through the long night, and the kami is invited from the local shrine to reside in a mask and oversee the performances.

As is common at festivities,  a shishi Chinese lion moves among the spectators and tries to ‘eat’ little children, some of whom cry out with fear. It might seem cruel to a Westerner, but the tearful bawling is a show of vitality and offers the child a healthy and strong future – a sacred bite, as it were. There are 33 dance-plays in the kagura repertory, of which the most popular is the husband-wife pair (Izanagi-Izanami?) who happily drink together until the husband gets drunk and starts flirting with females in the audience…

The all-night yokagura performances can take up to 16 hours, and shortly before sunrise there is the most famous of the plays when Tajikira-o, the strongman deity, changes from a white to red mask to heave open the mighty rock door of Amaterasu’s cave and save the world. (This is covered in another video on the NHK World site for those who would like to explore more.)

Putting your head in the lion’s mouth brings good luck they say

******************

For a previous Green Shinto posting about the sacred sites in Takachiho, please click here.

« Older posts Newer posts »

© 2024 Green Shinto

Theme by Anders NorénUp ↑