Tag: mountain worship

Japan by Train 12: Toyama

In surveys about the quality of life, Toyama Prefecture is always near the top, thanks to the prosperity and pleasant environment. The town is located by the side of a bay, with spectacular views of the Japan Alps. The combination of sea and mountains means the fish is fresher, the air cleaner and the water clearer than pretty much anywhere in Japan.

Apart from the castle, the shrines and the temples, there are any number of well-endowed art galleries and culture halls, which owe themselves to a generous level of funding derived from the prefecture’s industries – pharmaceuticals, electronic parts and metal products. The town’s leading attraction is a Glass Art Museum, housed in a light and airy building worth seeing in itself. Designed by famous architect, Kengo Kuma, the building is shared with the city library, which explains the number of visitors who carry books and never show up in the museum. The exhibitions can be dazzling, but the highlight is invariably the spectacular Glass Art Garden by master artist, Dale Chihuly. Even those uninterested in glass tned to be wowed.

The prefecture’s Mt Tateyama is one of Japan’s ‘three holy mountains’ (together with Fuji and Hakusan). At the top, a Shinto priest waves a purification stick over bowed heads. In my early days in Japan this was puzzling to me, so I asked the priest to explain. ‘You pay me money and I purify you,’ he said. ‘I see,’ I replied, ‘but is there something more? For example, rules on how to behave in everyday life.’ There was a short pause. ‘Yes,’ came the answer, ‘you pay me and I purify you.’

At the time I thought the answer amusing. Later, as I came to understand more about primal religions, I realised he was right. The concern is not with morality, but with harmonising with the spirit world. Whereas the material world is characterised by disease and decay, the spirit world is free of taint. Pure purity, in other words. The waving of the magic wand is the Japanese acknowledgement of what Arthur Koestler called ‘the ghost in the machine’, the animating spirit that lies within the physical body. Here at the top of the mountain the priest was evoking oneness with the universe.

Voted Japan’s best Starbucks, it stands next to the canal a few minutes walk from the station

Shugendo in Kumano

Hayatama Taisha, one of the three great Kumano Shrines (photos by John Dougill)

Hayatama Shrine in Shingu city stands at the mouth of the Kumano River, where it flows into the Pacific Ocean. There is a wooden plaque near the entrance of the Haiden (Worship Hall), on which, according to Paul Swanson, is written the following:

The first great spiritual place of worship in Japan, The foundation of the Three Kumano Gongen (Shingu, Nachi, Hongu).

Gongen is a deeply syncretic term, indicating Japanese manifestations of the Buddhas. In other words, kami acting as local avatars for their universal counterparts. “It is a word coined by the followers of esoteric Buddhism to explain the unity of the Buddhas and the kami,’ writes Paul Swanson in his online paper, The Kumano Area and the Roots of Shugendo: A Study in Eclectic Japanese Religion‘.

Entering into the mountains

For those drawn to nature worship, nothing could be more appealing than Shugendo and their tradition of ‘entering the mountains’. The thinking is simple. Mountains are sacred space. Buddhas and kami manifest there. Humans can tap into their power by ‘lying in the mountains’, worshipping and doing ascetic exercises.

Since ancient times mountains have been seen as sacred, not only because they are the closest places on earth to the Upper World but also because the deceased were buried on their lower slopes. They were thus the site of both animist and ancestral spirits. Later esoteric Buddhism came to site their temples on mountains too.

Yamabushi blowing their own conch-shells

According to tradition, Shugendo was founded by En no Gyoja in the seventh century, and later split into two groups, one attached to Tendai Buddhism and one to Shingon. The austerities they carried out ranged from climbing steep cliffs, praying in caves, and cold water austerities. Through entering the mountains one comes close to death, and on returning one is reborn.

Fasting, sleeplessness and hard hiking courses inevitably induce a change in consciousness. As a result the return from the mountains brings a sense of reinvigoration and enhanced power, enabling practitioners to carry out healing and other socially beneficial activities.

For a detailed account of a Shugendo mountain experience by a group based at Kyoto’s Shogo-in, see the first chapter of Paul Swanson’s paper cited above. It’s very similar to an account by Gary Snyder of his experience in the 1950s when he was dangled over the side of a cliff as part of a practice to create in the practitioner a change for the better.

Shugendo practitioner applying some spiritual healing

Atago July 31 pilgrimage

The excellent Core Kyoto series produced by NHK World (which broadcasts in English for overseas)  has produced a fine item about Kyoto’s Mt Atago and the pilgrimage for the fire deity which takes place on July 31.

The video is available on the NHK site till July 27. After that it may appear on Youtube, along with many of the other Core Kyoto videos. Click here to check them out as it’s really an excellent series for anyone at all interested in Japanese traditions.

Core Kyoto

Atago Sennichi Mairi: Pilgrimage to the Guardian against Fire

Broadcast on July 13, 2017

Paper talismans protecting against fire are common sights in Kyoto homes. People receive them at Atago Jinja, situated on top of a rugged mountain. The shrine holds Sennichi-mairi, or the 1,000-day pilgrimage, on the evening of July 31. Worshippers believe that if they make the grueling trek they have 1,000 days’ worth of protection against fire-related disasters. Discover the deep faith in Atago as more than 10,000 Kyotoites undertake the pilgrimage with gratitude for the gifts fire bestows.

Available until July 27, 2017 by clicking here.

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